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Pathogenesis of ALS
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ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, the large nerve cells connecting the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to muscles, which control muscle movement. [...]
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Pathogenesis of Gliomas
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Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) are devastating as they are difficult to treat and may cause grave disability or death. CNS Gliomas pose particularly difficult problems because of their tendency toward malignancy, rate of tumor spread, and the lack of effective therapy. Gliomas are the most common intracranial [...]
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Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
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The gastrointestinal tract represents an important barrier between human hosts and microbial populations. One potential consequence of host-microbial interactions is the development of mucosal inflammation. A paradigm for such chronic host-microbial relationships is carriage of Helicobacter pylori, Gram-negative bacteria that colonize the stomachs of humans and primates. H. pylori colonization [...]
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Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
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MS (Multiple Sclerosis) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the CNS (Central Nervous System). MS is classified according to its clinical course into several categories: benign, RR (Relapsing-Remitting, the most common variant), PR (Progressive-Relapsing), PP (Primary-Progressive) and SP (Secondary-Progressive). MS first manifests itself as a series of attacks followed [...]
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Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
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RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease of unknown etiology affecting diarthrodial joints. Although the disease is characterized by synovitis of the joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae, manifestations that do not involve the synovium are also frequent (Ref.1 & 2). These articular and systemic manifestations are mediated by [...]
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Paxillin Interactions
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Signals that derive from cell adhesion to the ECM (Extracellular Matrix) regulate important physiological events including cell motility and growth, and most often involve changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Cells interact with the ECM via transmembrane receptors, termed integrins, located at the cell surface. Binding of integrins [...]
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PDGF Pathway
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Directed cell migration is a critical feature of several physiological and pathological processes, including development, wound healing, atherosclerosis, immunity, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The migratory response involves actin cytoskeleton reorganization, polarization, cell adhesion and detachment. Thus, migration requires cell communication with adjacent cells and with ECM (Extracellular Matrix Components) and is [...]
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PEDF Induced Signaling
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Blood vessel growth and stability are under the exquisite control of a network of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Disruption of the balance between these factors is a characteristic of tumor growth and many vascular diseases. Endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, particularly those that act broadly at the earliest stages, are excellent pharmacological [...]
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PGC1Alpha Pathway
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PGC1Alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1-Alpha) is a tissue-specific transcriptional coactivator that enhances the activity of many nuclear receptors and coordinates transcriptional programs important for cellular energy metabolism and overall energy homeostasis (Ref.1). It is a key regulator of cardiac mitochondrial functional capacity and participates in the transduction of physiologic [...]
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Phagocytosis of Microbes
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Phagocytosis, a central component of the innate immune response, is the process whereby specialised cell types recognise and engulf foreign extracellular material. While lower organisms use phagocytosis primarily for the acquisition of nutrients, in higher Eucaryota, the receptors that are able to mediate phagocytosis are expressed almost exclusively in Macrophages, [...]
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Phospholipase-C Pathway
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Inositol lipid-specific PLC (Phospholipase-C) isozymes are key signaling proteins in the cellular action of many hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and other extracellular stimuli. PLC are soluble proteins that are partly cytosolic and partly associated with membrane. The PLC family in human is comprised of 13 subtypes. On the basis of [...]
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PI3K Signaling
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The PI3K (Phosphatidylinositde-3-Kinase) family of enzymes regulate diverse biological functions in every cell type by generating lipid second messengers that ultimately results in the mediation of cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking and Glucose homeostasis. On the basis of structural similarities, the PI3K members are sub-divided into three classes; Class I, II
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PI3K Signaling in B-Lymphocyte
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PI3Ks (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinases) regulate numerous biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration and metabolism. In the immune system, impaired PI3K signaling leads to immunodeficiency, whereas unrestrained PI3K signaling contributes to autoimmunity and Leukemia. The Class I and III PI3Ks basically facilitate B-cell development through defined stages, resulting in at [...]
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PI3K Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
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PI3Ks (Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases) are an important type of lipid kinase that form a large evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that specifically phosphorylate inositol phospholipids at the D-3 position of the inositol ring. The C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans) PI3K is required for functional membrane trafficking machinery (Ref.1). C. elegans PI3K adaptor [...]
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PKA Signaling
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PKA (Protein Kinase-A) is an enzyme that regulates processes as diverse as growth, development, memory, and metabolism. In its inactivated state, PKA exists as a tetrameric complex of two Catalytic subunits (PKA-C) and a Regulatory (PKA-R) subunit dimer. To date, four regulatory subunits have been identified (RI-Alpha, RI-Beta, RII-Alpha and [...]
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PKC-Theta Pathway
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An effective immune response depends on the ability of specialized immunocytes to identify foreign molecules and respond by differentiation into mature effector cells. A cell-surface antigen recognition apparatus and a complex intracellular receptor-coupled signal-transducing machinery mediate this tightly regulated process, which operate at high fidelity to discriminate self from nonself [...]
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PKR Pathway
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PKR (Protein kinase-R) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that has been implicated as a signal integrator in translational and transcriptional control pathways. PKR mediates apoptosis induced by many different stimuli, such as LPS (Lipopolysaccharides), IFN-Gamma (Interferon-Gamma), cytokines, growth factor, viral infection, or serum starvation. PKR activity is regulated by external signals, which act [...]
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Poliovirus Replication Cycle
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Poliovirus is a member of the Picornaviridae family, which includes a number of
significant pathogens of humans (e.g., Rhinoviruses, Coxsackieviruses,
Echoviruses, Enteroviruses, and Hepatitis-A virus) and livestock (e.g.,
foot-and-mouth disease viruses). Poliovirus has three known serotypes: PV1, PV2,
and PV3 and all three serotypes can cause poliomyelitis, a paralytic disease [...]
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Polyamine Regulation in Colon Cancer
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Polyamines are vital for the growth and function of normal cells. The complexity of polyamine metabolism and the multitude of compensatory mechanisms that are invoked to maintain polyamine homoeostasis argue that these amines are critical to cell survival. The regulation of polyamine content within cells occurs at several levels, including [...]
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Poxvirus Infection Cycle
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Poxviruses (of the family Poxviridae) are a family of the largest and most complex viruses that infect humans. They are large brick-shaped or ovoid complex dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) viruses capable of replicating in the cell cytoplasm independent of the cell nucleus and have in common the propensity to produce cutaneous [...]
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