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Description |
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Vegetative yeast cells respond to environmental cues by activating signal transduction pathways that enable them to mount the appropriate physiological response. Each of the cues is dealt with by distinct signaling mechanisms to cause the appropriate response to a given stimulus. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae, there are at least five MAP kinase (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) cascades. MAPK cascades are conserved signaling modules that regulate responses to diverse extracellular stimuli, developmental cues and environmental stresses. A MAPK is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPKK (MAPK Kinase), which is activated by an upstream protein kinase, MAPKK kinase. Each pathway is initiated by a distinct upstream regulator and individual MEKK-MEK-MAPK modules control mating, cell-wall integrity, pseudohyphal development and filamentous invasive growth, [...] |
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