Chloroplasts are exceptionally complex organelles found ubiquitously in Plant and Algal cells. Chloroplasts contain at least six suborganellar compartments: Outer and Inner membranes, Intermembrane Space, Stroma, and Thylakoid membrane and Lumen, all of which require specific trafficking systems. The Thylakoid membrane of the Chloroplast accounts for the bulk of the Chloroplast lipid content and contains the abundant proteins associated with light capture and photosynthetic electron transport. The targeting systems of the Thylakoid appear to be conserved from the Protein export systems that exist in Gram-negative bacteria. The Thylakoid membrane contains four especially prominent complexes (Photosystems I and II, Cytochrome b/f complex and the ATP Synthase), each of which contains a mixture of Chloroplast-encoded and Nucleus-encoded subunits. The import and sorting [...]