BMP Pathway
Friday, March 02, 2012
The fate of neural precursors in the developing brain is believed to be
determined by intrinsic cellular programs and by external cues, including the
cytokines. BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins) are a large subclass (more than 20
members) of the TGF-Beta
(Transforming Growth Factor-Beta) super family that is active in
many tissues under [...]
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FGF Pathway
Friday, March 02, 2012
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes, such as ovulation, embryogenesis, wound repair, inflammation, malignant tumor growth, retinopathies, rheumatoid arthritis, and angiogenesis-dependent diseases. One of the best-characterized modulators of angiogenesis is the heparin-binding FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor). FGF induces neovascularization in vivo [...]
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Apoptosis through Death Receptors
Friday, March 02, 2012
Apoptosis is a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number in tissues and to eliminate individual cells that threaten the animal's survival. Certain cells have unique sensors, termed DR (Death Receptors), on their surface, which detect the presence of extracellular death signals and, in response, they rapidly ignite the [...]
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MAPK Family Pathway
Friday, March 02, 2012
Protein kinases are ubiquitous enzymes that are able to modulate the activities of other proteins by adding phosphate groups to their tyrosine, serine, or threonine amino acids (phosphorylation). MAPKs (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases), which are activated by many different signals, belong to a large family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are conserved in [...]
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p53 Mediated Apoptosis
Friday, March 02, 2012
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanism of cell death that is essential for the elimination of unwanted cells during normal development and for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. One of the major apoptosis signaling pathways involves the p53 tumour suppressor. Tumor protein p53 is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates the expression of a wide variety [...]
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Akt Signaling
Thursday, March 01, 2012
Akt (v-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene)/ PKB (Protein Kinase-B) is a Serine/threonine Kinase that is involved in mediating various biological responses, such as inhibition of Apoptosis and stimulation of cell proliferation. Three mammalian isoforms are currently known: Akt1/PKB- Alpha, Akt2/PKB-Beta and Akt3/PKB-Gamma. All three isoforms of Akt share a common structure of three domains. [...]
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ICos-ICosL Pathway in T-Helper Cell
Thursday, March 01, 2012
During immune response, T-cells are optimally activated in secondary lymphoid tissues in order to properly migrate into areas of inflamed tissue. Upon antigen recognition via the TCR (T-Cell Receptor)/CD3 (CD3 Antigen) complex, a second co-stimulatory signal from APCs or Antigen-Presenting Cells is necessary for activation of naive T-cells. According to the “Two-Signal [...]
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Tumoricidal Effects of Hepatic NK Cells
Thursday, March 01, 2012
The liver is a major site for the formation and metastasis of Tumors. Malignant Liver Tumors fall into two types: Primary and Metastatic. While Primary Liver tumors such as HCC (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) originate in the liver itself, Metastatic or Secondary Liver Tumors commpnly known as “Liver Metastases” are cancerous tumors that originate [...]
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